Sir Aldo Castellani, the British trained doctor who helped Mussolini conquer Ethiopia

 

 

Without Aldo Castellani, a British trained specialist in tropical diseases, the Italian army would have paid a high price to conquer Ethiopia in 1936. At the beginning of the campaign – on the 3rd of October 1935 – the casualties due to typhus and malaria were set at about 22.000 but at the end only 600 had died. Dr. Castellani’s name and contribution are forgotten in modern Italy.

Aldo Castellani, il medico che fece vincere la guerra d’Etiopia a Mussolini

Is the End of the Supermarket system close?

Starting from the ’70s Supermarkets have replaced most of old & dear neighbourhood shops, forcing them to close down. The victory of supermarket over traditional shops was possible not only because of their lower prices but rather by the increased availability of processed food and the pervasive use of preservatives which can extend the shelf time. On the positive side we should consider that preservatives decreased bacterial infections and disease caused by food gone bad. Another important point is that the time we have to spend shopping for food and cooking it in the kitchen has been dramatically reduced. Before WW2 a woman (or a man) had to spend an average of 5 and half hour a day in the kitchen with only an average of 45 minutes today.
But on the negative side side there are several different factors which are seldom taken into consideration by the public, such as the increasing ingestion of chemicals — including artificial sweeteners to replace fats and sugars — for which not all the side effects have been fully investigated, since most of them had been in use no longer than a few decades. Common antimicrobial preservatives include Calcium propionate, Sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sulphites, EDTA, Antioxidants, Formaldehyde, ethanol and several others (See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservative).
A growing awareness about going organic on our food is clear to all, including to Supermarket chains, and this explain why they are staking shelves loaded with Org indicators while putting a price premium on it because of their supposed organicity. But this appears to be only a fiction. When we look at the expiration date we do realize that something is wrong there: those organic foodstuff are not really organic, being labelled with an expire date going on for years, in some cases. Such a long shelf time can only be due to the addition of preservatives.

On the social side of this matter few studies have been made on the disappearing middle class of shop keepers, once ridiculed as low and narrow minded but in fact a factor of social stability in society. It was a social category which has since disappeared, thus increasing unemployment and widening the Gini Factor by creating a larger gap between the poor and the rich, a factor leading to social instability.
The future of the Supermarkets will depend, after all, on the number of diseases appearing in the ‘Supermarket Generation’ which include broadly speaking all the children born after the 70s. Their cancer rate and general health will tell us if the abandonment of the traditional net of neighbourhood shops was a wise decision or a costly and painful mistake.

LEONARDO ERA FIGLIO DI UNA SCHIAVA CINESE?

Leonardo Da Vinci era figlio di una schiava cinese? L’affascinante e documentata tesi di Angelo Paratico.

In esclusiva per questo blog (http://blog.libero.it/massimocoppa/) il giornalista, scrittore e storico italiano Angelo Paratico, che vive e lavora ad Hong Kong, ha scritto un lungo ma interessantissimo articolo in cui spiega la sua rivoluzionaria ipotesi relativa alla madre di Leonardo Da Vinci, diventata un libro per ora edito in lingua inglese.

 

di Angelo Paratico

Tutto ebbe inizio con un’intervista a Radio3 di Hong Kong, in una popolare trasmissione intitolata Morning Brew.
Parlai di un’idea che mi frullava in testa da tempo e sulla quale stavo raccogliendo documentazione storica: la possibilità che la madre di Leonardo Da Vinci fosse stata una schiava domestica cinese. Poi spiegai che questo risolverebbe il mistero delle immagini orientali tipiche di Leonardo, presenti nei suoi schizzi e nei suoi quadri: per esempio, il paesaggio alle spalle della Gioconda, nuovo in Europa ma comunissimo in Cina. E inoltre il suo vegetarianesimo, il suo amore per gli animali, il suo interesse per tutto ciò che era orientale e il suo disinteresse per il nuovo continente americano.
Il mio intervento provocò molto interesse fra il pubblico e per questo venni contattato da una reporter del principale quotidiano di Hong Kong in lingua inglese, il “South China Morning Post”, che mi chiese un’intervista. Incontrai al Circolo della Stampa una giovane e graziosa giornalista, Raquel Carvalho, che mi intervistò cogliendo solo un cinquanta per cento di quanto le dicevo… L’articolo uscì una settimana dopo e provocò una tempesta mediatica, venendo ripreso da tutti i maggiori quotidiani del mondo. Fui chiamato dalla BBC, dalla CNN, fui intervistato dalla televisione russa Rossya e da una società parigina che stava preparando un documentario sulla Gioconda. Il culmine dell’isteria lo si raggiunse il 3 dicembre 2014 dove, in Cina, articoli contenenti la mia storia furono i più visitati: 5 milioni di lettori e 120.000 commenti!
Incoraggiato da vari amici, fra cui Massimo Coppa, mi buttai a capofitto a riordinare gli appunti e preparare un libro, che uscì nel marzo 2015 in lingua inglese. La casa editrice locale Lascar Publishing mi diede carta bianca, fondi illimitati e condizioni molto generose.
Il titolo del libro è: “Leonardo Da Vinci. A Chinese Scholar Lost in Renaissance Italy”. Ne inviai una copia – tramite l’amico scrittore e giornalista Salvatore Giannella – al massimo studioso di Leonardo Da Vinci del mondo, Carlo Pedretti, il quale giudicò il mio libro molto benignamente, offrendosi di scrivere l’introduzione alla prossima edizione italiana.
Vediamo ora di spiegare brevemente i punti che espongo nel mio volume. Come già detto sopra, ipotizzo che la madre del genio toscano sia stata una schiava cinese.“E come è mai possibile?”, i lettori si chiederanno, poiché nei libri di storia sta scritto che non esistevano cinesi in Italia in quegli anni e che, seguendo la storiografia ufficiale, i primi orientali giunsero in Italia verso la fine del XVI secolo, inviati dai missionari gesuiti stabilitisi a Macao, come Alessandro Valignano, Matteo Ricci e Martino Martini.
Questa è l’opinione largamente condivisa, poiché molti ignorano un vergognoso fenomeno: la schiavitù domestica – dimenticanza tanto comune da far pensare che si possa parlare di una vera e propria rimozione – e che fu una piaga assai diffusa.
Un convegno internazionale dedicato proprio a questo tema è stato tenuto a Prato nel 2014, organizzato dalla Fondazione Francesco Datini, con l’intervento di storici provenienti da vari paesi europei. Gli atti di tale congresso sono stati poi pubblicati in due volumi, sotto il titolo di “Schiavitù e servaggio nell’economia Europea. Secc. XI – XVIII”.
Tale genere di ricerche archivistiche – sulle schiave rinascimentali – fu assai in auge a partire dalla seconda metà dell’Ottocento: basti citare il nome di un grande storico, economista e uomo politico, Luigi Cibrario (1802-1870), che fu autore di svariati libri, tutti caratterizzati da un grande rigore, fra i quali, nel 1868, un “Della Schiavitù e del Servaggio” nel quale Cibrario presenta le proprie scoperte d’archivio relative ad acquisti di schiave, con relativi processi e torture causate dalla loro ribellione e, in certi casi, dal loro affrancamento, normalmente concesso dal padrone in articulo mortis, forse per mondarsi l’anima prima di comparire davanti a San Pietro… Da tali studi si evince che la Chiesa cattolica non si oppose mai al fenomeno della schiavitù, come già notò Melchiorre Gioia. Basti citare Sant’Agostino, il quale scrisse che uno diventa schiavo per via dei propri peccati. Inoltre gli archivi notarili mostrano che molti preti e vescovi possedettero schiavi, che dapprima erano degli infedeli, ma che a distanza di due mesi dall’acquisto andavano battezzati: dunque tutti gli schiavi in Italia erano cattolici! Schiavi maschili venivano utilizzati come ciurma sulle navi, e anche la Santa Sede ne fece uso sui propri vascelli sino al XVII secolo.
La parte di tale fenomeno che ci interessa maggiormente, per studiare le origini di Leonardo Da Vinci, è quella della schiavitù domestica, che si sviluppò nell’area del Mediterraneo dopo il devastante passaggio della peste nera nel 1347, flagello proveniente dall’Asia e che poi si diffuse in tutta Europa provocando, nel giro di un paio d’anni, la morte di circa il 60% della popolazione. Quello fu un evento epocale che provocò sconvolgimenti socio-economici di cui ancora oggi stiamo subendo gli effetti. Finì a quel punto la civiltà feudale e sparirono i servi della gleba. Si ebbero grandi sollevamenti di lavoratori, come quello dei Ciompi a Firenze e poi in Inghilterra – considerate la più grande rivolta popolare prima della Rivoluzione Francese – dove andarono vicini a rovesciare la monarchia. Iniziò così l’epoca d’oro per i salariati; i poveri alzarono la testa; si sviluppò la scienza meccanica per sopperire alla mancanza di manodopera e le donne pretesero un salario come per gli uomini. Le città vennero spopolate dal morbo e nessuno più lavorava la terra: fu allora che genovesi e veneziani presero a importare delle schiave tartare, ossia mongole e cinesi, acquistandole in Crimea. La Crimea era parte dell’impero creato dai discendenti di Gengis Khan e a Tana, l’odierna Azov, genovesi e veneziani stabilirono le proprie basi più estreme.
Anche la famiglia veneziana dei Polo vi aprì ciò che oggi chiameremmo ‘un ufficio commerciale.’ Tana era anche uno dei termini della “Via della Seta”, che portava sino alla Cina e lo stesso Marco Polo – lo si evince dal suo testamento conservato a Venezia –, tornando a Venezia, affrancò uno schiavo tartaro chiamato Pietro.
Sino ai primi decenni del XV secolo le schiave importate dalla Crimea (per il 90 %) erano dell’Estremo Oriente e solo in parte greche, russe e arabe.
La confusione fra tartare e cinesi è spiegabile con il fatto che la Cina, a quel tempo, era occupata dai mongoli e tale rimase sino al 1368. La dinastia Yuan era in effetti mongola, non cinese. Fin quando i cinesi non riuscirono a espellere i mongoli e a stabilire la dinastia Ming, etnicamente cinese, con l’imperatore Hongwu come loro primo monarca, essi venivano classificati come mongoli, non facendo distinzione fra le due etnie.
Anche se detronizzati nel 1368, i mongoli mantennero sotto il proprio dominio una buona parte del paese che oggi chiamiamo Cina. Prova ne sia il fatto che nel 1405 un discendente di Gengis Khan, Tamerlano, che aveva stabilito la propria capitale a Samarcanda, morì di peste mentre alla testa del suo formidabile esercito stava marciando su Pechino. Ed è difficile credere che l’esercito cinese dei Ming sarebbe riuscito a fermarlo.
Il traffico di schiave da Tana sino a Genova e Venezia – che durò sino alla caduta di Costantinopoli del 1453 – fu assai lucrativo. Queste ragazze costavano dai 20 agli 80 fiorini d’oro a testa e coinvolse migliaia di bambine e ragazze di un’età compresa fra gli 8 e i 20 anni. Si conservano ancora centinaia di atti notarili e di assicurazioni nei quali si trova la loro descrizione fisica con i loro nomi originali, ma in qualche caso soltanto appare la dicitura ‘orta cataiorum’ ossia di origine cinese, proprio per il motivo detto sopra.Gli abusi domestici furono moltissimi: prova ne sia il fatto che leggi severissime furono promulgate per chi ingravidava le schiave altrui ma, d’altro canto, ogni forma di violenza era concessa ai proprietari. Se queste si ribellavano, le pene erano feroci: potevano essere frustate, bastonate in “malo modo” e, nei casi più gravi, si potevano cavare uno o due occhi. Se si ribellavano e si rendevano colpevoli di omicidio del proprio padrone, anche per legittima difesa, con l’assenso di un magistrato le si poteva attanagliare con ferri roventi, facendo seguire uno squartamento sulla pubblica piazza.
Le antiche massaie italiane odiavano queste servette che attraevano le attenzioni dei loro anziani mariti e, non per nulla, Francesco Petrarca le definì “nemici nelle nostre case”.
Cosimo de’ Medici, per esempio, ebbe quattro schiave e una di queste, Maddalena, che lui acquistò a Venezia nel 1427, gli diede un figlio, Carlo de’ Medici, che divenne poi un presbitero e del quale si ricordano la carnagione olivastra e i tratti orientali che tradivano le sue origini.
Il grande studioso della civiltà cinese Joseph Needham (1900-1995), autore della monumentale “Storia della scienza e della civilizzazione in Cina”, pubblicata in 22 tomi nei primi anni Sessanta del Novecento, così commentò questo poco edificante fenomeno: “Olschki ha descritto il poco conosciuto fenomeno del traffico di schiave tartare (mongoli e cinesi) che hanno fornito servi domestici nella case italiane dal XIV al XV secolo. Fra il 1366 e il 1397, ad esempio, non meno di 259 tartari, in maggioranza giovani donne, furono vendute nei mercati degli schiavi di Firenze. L’afflusso sembra sia iniziato nel 1328 quando al servo di Marco Polo, Pietro il tartaro, fu concessa la cittadinanza veneziana, e poi terminò con la caduta di Bisanzio nel 1453. Esiste un’abbondante evidenza che molta commistione razziale avvenne e che ragazze mongole e cinesi hanno apportato un utile patrimonio genetico alla popolazione europea”.
Lo studio degli archivi degli antichi ospedali degli “esposti” in Toscana – allora venivano chiamavano i gettatelli – mostra un gran numero di dati interessanti, che sono stati studiati e interpretati da una studiosa giapponese, Tomoko Takahashi, la quale, in un suo libro del 2003 intitolato “Il Rinascimento dei Trovatelli. Il brefotrofio, la città e le campagne nella Toscana del XV secolo”, prova che in stragrande maggioranza i bambini abbandonati subito dopo la nascita erano figli di schiave, per lo più tartare.
I dati biografici sicuri su Leonardo sono molto pochi. Sappiamo molto di suo padre, Ser Piero Da Vinci, che era notaio e del quale si accenna nelle due edizioni delle Vite del Vasari e poi esiste molto poco. Di sua madre Caterina non abbiamo nulla. E non esiste un ritratto attendibile di Leonardo: forse il più veritiero è quello che ho posto sulla copertina del mio libro, preso dall’“Adorazione dei Magi”, conservata agli Uffizi di Firenze, e che mostra Leonardo a 29 anni. Il ritratto famoso di Torino, che lo rappresenta come un vecchione – non poteva essere più vecchio di 61 anni quando lo realizzò – non è sicuramente un autoritratto, anche se viene spacciato per tale!
Notiamo qui che uno dei ritratti biografici più attendibili – precedente al Vasari – è opera del vescovo comasco Paolo Giovio, che l’abbozzò senza completarlo mentre si trovava a Ischia, in fuga dal Sacco di Roma del 1527.
La schiava Caterina, madre di Leonardo Da Vinci, una volta proditoriamente ingravidata da Ser Piero Da Vinci dentro alla casa d’un suo cliente, Ser Vanni, per nascondere lo scandalo fu portata a Vinci, dove i Da Vinci avevano casa. E fu a Vinci che partorì uno degli uomini più misteriosi e geniali mai esistiti. Il suo carattere discreto, ombroso e misterioso non può essere spiegato solo con la sua nascita illegittima e con la sua omosessualità, ma anche con il fatto che era figlio d’una schiava orientale.

 

N.B. Massimo Coppa ha partecipato a una puntata di Voyager nel mese di luglio 2015

http://blog.libero.it/massimocoppa/13254123.html

 

The HKFFIA – An influential banking institution headed by a charming Italian lady

Few people outside the banking world of Hong Kong world have ever  heard about the HKFFIA (Hong Kong Foreign Financial Institutions Association). But its influence cannot be denied being an association which is putting together the representatives of the largest foreign banks and financial institutions active in the Territory. They are also regularly consulted by the financial regulatory bodies of the HK Government and – being part of the steering committee –  by the organizers of the Asian Financial forum. My wife, Donatella Oliboni, has been the president of the HKFFIA for several years propelling it higher in the estimation of the world of finance and banking, not only in Hong Kong, but also in Asia. Here is their website: http://hkffia.org.hk/

Emilio Bianchi. The Emilio Largo of Ian Fleming’s Thunderball

The death of Emilio Bianchi, agend 102, on 15 August 2015, was commented on The Guardian gallantly honouring him with a full page obituary.
I was a friend of one of such torpedo-men, Gino Chiari, who after the war moved to Argentina and was visiting Hong Kong from time to time. He gave me an original X Mas sweater which is now in a drawer of my wardrobe.
Also Gino Birindelli, the father of Luca Birindelli, who had an office here in Hong Kong was in the same team of Bianchi during the raid on Alexandria and had died at 100, 4 years ago in Rome.
Emilio Bianchi was the last survivor of one of the most spectacular coups of the Second World War – the sinking of two British battleships in Alexandria harbour. Winston Churchill described in Parliament their feat as ‘demonstrating extraordinary courage and ingenuity.’

On the night of December 18, 1941, the Italian submarine Scirè emerged off the coast of Egypt. It was commanded by the British-educated Prince Junio Valerio Borghese, who a few days earlier had picked up a six-man team of naval commandos on the Greek island of Leros. Their coup gave overnight naval superiority in the Mediterranean to the Italian Navy but the admirals sitting in Rome were unable, or unwilling, to take advantage of it by occupying Malta. The son of Prince Borghese, Paolo, after the war became a Hong Kong resident. An electric engineer by training took care of most of the electrification of the Island of Hong Kong and then retired in Australia.

Emilio Bianchi inspired Ian Fleming’s character of Emilio Largo – the villain in the story – for his best seller James Bond’s novel ‘Thunderball.’

Here is the wonderful article of The Guardian
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/11814603/Emilio-Bianchi-human-torpedo-obituary.html

John Hung. Perhaps Master of None but Great at Writing

The 76 years old John Hung is a common sight at the FCC for those – like the writer of this review – who had made it their second home. He is tall and in still in good shape, perhaps because of his past as an athlete. I was aware about his brush with the Law but I did not know about a book he wrote while he was kept at Stanley Prison. Then, few days ago, while browsing in Bookazine I spotted this book: ‘Master of None. How a Hong Kong High-flyer overcame the devastating experience of imprisonment’ published by Blacksmith Books in 2011 I bought it and then I read in two days. In fact it is one of those books which are hard to put down once you start reading them. It is written in flawless English and it is full of fun and life, with no bitterness and anger for the 16 months spent behind bars and mixed with common criminals. He maintains to this day thahe was imprisoned in a brutal manner as an innocent man, and going through his pages the reader will be convinced of his innocence, even if his Appeal on 19 May 2010 was dismissed in only 12 minutes.

Hung knows better than anyone that life can change dramatically for the worse in an instant, so now he makes the most of every day. The news of his guilty verdict, in a bribery case, had rocked Hong Kong society and destroyed his brilliant career. Hung declared in an interview:

‘There is no future in history,’ he said. ‘Looking forward is my only option.’ During his incarceration, he wrote this book about his life, a book which offers an insight into one of the city’s most recognisable taipans.

With Chinese and Scottish ancestry, Hung’s family – their real surname should be Hunt but they had it sinicized – is part of the history of Hong Kong. Hung joined Wharf Holdings in 1967, after being brought into the company by his stepfather M.C. Hung, and then he became the third generation of his family to work for the property, media and communications group. By the time he retired in 2002, his family’s association with Wharf was 90 years old.

Hung held various senior positions, including managing director of real estate group Wheelock and Company and executive director of Wharf. It would be hard to find a businessman in the city with an equally impressive cursus honorum. At the height of his fortune, he was under immense pressure, and it was not unusual for him to attend five business lunches and five business dinners a week, washing down the food with alcool.

He had been a sportsman, he played cricket for Hong Kong, was captain of the Singapore Cricket Club and was once a talented high jumper. He was then elected to be chairman of the Sports Development Board and president of the Hong Kong Cricket Club for 11 years. He was made a fellow of the Hong Kong Management Association, awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star and appointed a Justice of the Peace. He was also chairman of the China Coast Community and the Enlighten Action for Epilepsy charities.

Hung was charged with, but pleaded not guilty to, one count of soliciting an advantage and three of accepting an advantage totalling HK$450,000 from a middleman, Joseph Loong Shun-ming, in October 2006, as a reward for helping racing member Joanne Wong Pui to become a full Jockey Club member. Hung, who was a voting member of the Jockey Club, contended the money was not connected to Wong’s membership bid and was a loan from Loong, whom he described as a friend. However, Deputy Judge Anthony Kwok Kai-on said it would be an astonishing coincidence if the two assertions were not connected, and Hung was found guilty. A later appeal failed. He was jailed for two years in July 2009 for bribery and served 16 months in Stanley Prison but before that his loss of face and legal expenses had drained his finances. Prison gave Hung a chance to put his life in perspective, and he gradually began to see that things could be worse, he lost 17 kilos, no alcool, no internet and the simple life did good to his body. His home was a two-by-three-metre cell, and his bed, bolted to the floor, was not big enough for him. Inside was also a toilet with an attached wash basin, both made of stainless steel. In the summer months, the temperature in the cell would typically rise to 37 degrees. There were no fans, and ventilation was poor. He would go through two T-shirts a night, each drenched with sweat. If he did sleep, it was because he was exhausted. During his prison term, the irony of it all was not lost on him. As a Justice of the Peace, he had visited Stanley and most of Hong Kong’s other correctional facilities for many years. But when a Justice of the Peace is actually one of the prisoners, it no doubt elicited some interest.

‘Just before one Justice of the Peace visit, the officers told us that we had the right to raise a complaint with him,’ Hung said. ‘A lone voice from our group said: ‘There’s no need. We have our own Justice of the Peace in here!’ The officers did share in the laughter.’ And he adds: ‘Before I went to prison, I only focused on those in the upper echelons of Hong Kong society. That was wrong,’ he said. ‘Many of the people I met in prison came from such humble backgrounds that prison life was actually better than the one they had on the outside. Some would say on their release, ‘Keep my room for me’ because they knew they’d be back.’

His conviction meant he could no longer serve on any listed boards; he was disqualified from practice in most professional capacities; it created problems for travelling to certain countries; and he was suddenly persona non grata in the most highly respected clubs and institutions in the city. Even today he refuses to live on his past glories, and accepts that people of his generation do not retire, they just keep going – there’s plenty of life in the old dog yet.

‘I will not try to hide the fact I’ve been a prisoner, but I know I can still be successful. With a lot of fight and determination, I can claw my way back,’ he said. He is a great man and a great writer.

John Hung Master of None Blacksmith Books, 2011. ISBN 978-988-19002-7-2

Giovanni (John) Romaniello. The Noodle Priest.

Instant noodles are ubiquitous in Asia, in offices and at home. It is a multi-billion industry but few know that its origin lay with the charitable work of a humble Italian priest: John (Giovanni) Romaniello, who was thus nicknamed ‘The Noodle Priest.’

Giovanni Romaniello was born in Avigliana, near Turin, on September 11, 1900.
His parents, poor farmers, like those of Pope Francis, emigrated to the USA when Giovanni was still a child. They settled in New Rochelle, New York State.
Romaniello was ordained a Catholic priest in 1928 and then took his vows two years later, deciding to become a missionary in China. He was first assigned to Kweiling, where he arrived in 1935 and there he remained until he was forced out in 1951, after having narrowly escaped death during the war.
First he was recalled to Rome but in 1956 he managed to join the Catholic Relief Services in Hong Kong, a post he had sought in the vain hope  of getting back in China to see his old parishioners. But that proved impossible and in the meantime he was moved to other countries where is optimism and energy were in great demand: he spent some time in the Philippines and in Korea, and briefly also in Portugal.

While in Hong Kong he came up with a simple idea about building a machine to produce…noodles! It was for this reason that he became known as ‘The Noodle Priest’ a nickname which made him immensely proud so much so that he had his personal letter-heads engraved with such title. Here is how his brilliant idea came about.
For a period of time he was put in charge of the distribution of food to squatters who had been able to slip into the British Territory from China. He was giving out for free 5 pounds bags of rice flour and milk powder, but because of the dampness of the place most of it turned quickly bad since the squatters had no mean to cook it or keep it into a fridge. But one day he spotted a young girl collecting her bags of flour and then quickly exchanging them with some packets of noodles. Romaniello asked her why she was doing that and the girl answered that her mom could cook the noodle on a small stove while they could not do much with the flour and, besides that, noodles could withstand humidity better than flour. ‘Brilliant point!’ he must have thought for with the help of some parishioners and using a small engine of a aircraft he built a mixer for flour and milk powder and then processed them in a steel tank, thus extruding the noodles from a plate with small perforated holes. Once dried he gave the noddles around receiving enthusiastic responses from his customers: they told him that they tasted better than rice! He quickly set up more processing centres, and some of those in the New Territories of Hong Kong are still in operation today on a larger scale. Then he exported his idea to Vietnam, Japan and Korea.
An enthusiastic Maryknoller to the end, the ‘Noodle Priest’ received several international awards but he loved to describe himself as a ‘modern Don Quixote.’ He died and was buried in Hong Kong in 1985 after a short illness.

Leonardo’s Brain by Leonard Shlain

Leonard Shlain was a successful inventor, surgeon and best selling author of books like: Art & Physics; The Alphabed Versus The Goddess; Sex, Time, and Power. He died in May 2009 at age 71. His last book, published posthumously by his loving daughters, is: Leonardo’s Brain. Understanding Da Vinci’s Creative Genius which was published by the Lyons Press in 2014. It is a wonderful book written following a research on Leonardo Da Vinci which, I am sure, had been going on for several years. There is a moving ‘Note to the Readers’ written by the author’s three daughters, opening with the discovery of a stage 4 brain tumour on September 6, 2008 in their father’s head, and being given 9 months to live. Up to that moment he had been busy putting the final touches to his book on Leonardo’s brain. Leonard Shlain decided to live his last months on earth in the best possible way and terminate his latest book. Then we read an ‘Author’s Note’ dated one month before Shlain’s death, in which he tells how he discovered his terrible disease, and then he adds: ‘ I have poured myself into this book by reading and synthesising an enormous amount of background information about Leonardo and the evolutionary development of the brain. In this book I aim to present original theories that weave together the different aspects of Leonardo’s life (and brain) and have not yet been considered by previous scholars from the fields of psychology, art history, and science. In doing so, I hope to stimulate new thinking about Leonardo and humankind alike.’

The problem which all scholars writing on Leonardo have to tackle is the scarcity of original notes coming down from Leonardo Da Vinci and the incredible number of accretions created around him by biographers, enthusiasts, novelists: some of those data are likely to be true, some are plainly wrong and false. It has been rightly noted that the image we form about Leonardo change with the changing of our society but a new and honest biographer has to be able to separate reality from unreality, wheat from the chaff. Not a easy task… The approach taken by Leonard Shlain is wide, drawing from art – first a very brilliant and very original comparison between Marcel Duchamp and Leonardo – and modern discoveries in the field of psychology and on the functioning of the human brain (this is the best part of his book). I have to point out some small imprecisions on the biographical side, which are indeed common among American biographers who cannot rely on marginalia published in Italy and then never translated into English. With people who know Leonardo Da Vinci deeply the impression that will get is that some of his intuitions and inventions are a bit over-inflated, this is certainly due to the great passion Shlain has for him. For instance Leonardo’s abilities as a war engineer – he never invented anything new in this field and he missed to spot the real innovations which were appearing right under his own eyes, like the new generation of cannons used by the French army invading Italy – which were not existing but, as we have already pointed out, Shlain had to rely on Leonardo’s biographers whose books are best sellers in several countries and include some spectacular but undocumented hypothesis presented not as what they are but as facts. In spite of the understandable shortcomings he final result reached by Shlain is highly credible and the book turn out to be very readable and full of wisdom and beauty.

I found particularly original and illuminating some of the points made by Shlain. I ‘ll quote only two: the importance of the landscape in Leonardo’s portraits, points clearly visible for the Mona Lisa and the Ginevra de’ Benci. The idea that a man or a woman could be part of a landscape was totally new in the West – it was not so in Roman and Greek times – and contrary to people used to monotheistic religions: like Hebrew, Christian and Islam. The man was seen as an image of a powerful God, separated from nature. However it was a common concept in countries were Buddhist was the State religion, and this could explain why landscape painting was such a common feature among Chinese artists. The second concern Leonardo’s ‘Last Supper’ as moving on different plains: past, present and future, which is indeed a very original and fresh intuition. That could explain the amazement of Rafael on seeing it: he stood there, stunned with his mouth open, in front of it, so Vasari tells us.

This is a great book and a great pleasure to read, a triumph over death, and is a book which will leave a deep mark in the long list of first class biographical studies dedicated to Leonardo Da Vinci.

Leonard Shlain Leonardo’s Brain. Understanding Da Vinci’s Creative Genius Lyons Press, 2014. ISBN978-1-4930-0335-8.